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Although Bach also called his variations "Klavierübung", he did not specifically designate them as the fourth in this series. Klavierübung part 1 was the six partitas, part 2 the Italian Concerto and French Overture, and part 3 a series ofchorale preludes for organ framed by a prelude and fugue in E♭ major.
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The term "Clavier Ubung" (nowadays spelled "Klavierübung") had been assigned by Bach to some of his previous keyboard works. The title page, shown in the figure above, reads in German: The edition contains various printing errors. Schmid printed the work by making engraved copper plates (rather than using movable type) thus the notes of the first edition are in Schmid's own handwriting. The publisher was Bach's friend Balthasar Schmid of Nuremberg. Rather unusually for Bach's works, the Goldberg Variations were published in his own lifetime, in 1741. More recent scholarly literature (such as the edition by Christoph Wolff) suggests that there is no basis for such doubts. In a recent book-length study, keyboardist and Bach scholar Peter Williams contends that the Forkel story is entirely spurious.Īrnold Schering has suggested that the aria on which the variations are based was not written by Bach. Goldberg's age at the time of publication (14 years) has also been cited as grounds for doubting Forkel's tale, although it must be said that he was known to be an accomplished keyboardist and sight-reader. The lack of dedication on the title page also makes the tale of the commission unlikely. The tale of how the variations came to be composed comes from an early biography of Bach by Johann Nikolaus Forkel: įorkel wrote his biography in 1802, more than 60 years after the events related, and its accuracy has been questioned. 4 Canons on the Goldberg ground, BWV 1087.6 Transcribed and popularized versions.
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WHAT IS GOLDBERG ENTRANCE MUSIC MANUALS
4.1 Variations for one and two manuals.